Assessing Malignant Narcissism and its Associations with Dark Triad Dimensions, Social Deviance, Personality Disorders, Self-Harming Behaviors, Aggression, and Personality Functioning: A Study Among Community-Dwelling Participants and Psychotherapy Participants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-4079Keywords:
Alternative Model of Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory for DSM-5, Grandiose Narcissism, Malignant Narcissism, Self-destructive Behavior, Vulnerable Narcissism.Abstract
Background: Dimensional conceptualization of personality pathology may be useful to describe and understand the nature of different manifestations of personality pathology, including malignant narcissism. Recently, a sound scoring procedure for malignant narcissism (i.e., MNARC index) based on the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 trait scores was proposed. The present study aimed at providing further evidence of the reliability and validity of the MNARC index in a sample of community-dwelling adults and in a sample of psychotherapy adult participants.
Methods: Community-dwelling participants (N = 288; 59.4% female; mean age = 32.69 years), and psychotherapy participants (N = 168; 58.3% female; mean age = 34.52 years), were administered the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and Five Factor Narcissism Inventory-Short Form. Moreover, community-dwelling adults completed the Machiavellianism Inventory-Version IV, Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, and Self-Report of Delinquency Scale; rather, clinical participants were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders, Clinician-Administered Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder Index, Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, Aggression Questionnaire, and Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders Module I.
Results: The MNARC index showed adequate reliability in both samples, and MNARC index mean score significantly discriminated clinical participants from non-clinical participants; moreover, according to exploratory graph analysis, the 11 PID-5 scale weighted scores shaped a highly coherent personality profile. In the community sample MNARC index was significantly closer to grandiose narcissism than to vulnerable narcissism, as well as to Machiavellianism and even psychopathy. In multiple regression analysis, MNARC index, showed unique, positive, significant and non-negligible contribution to explaining the variation in all social deviance dimensions. Among psychotherapy participants, exploratory graph analysis findings suggested that MNARC index clustered together with histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder symptom counts, as well as narcissistic grandiosity. Notably, we observed positive and significant associations between MNARC index, and physical aggression, impairment in personality functioning, and self-harming behaviors, respectively.
Conclusions: Confirming and extending previous data on the MNARC index, our findings supported the reliability and validity of the MNARC index. Our results expanded our empirical knowledge of malignant narcissism, while providing additional support to the possibility to rely on the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 for assessing constructs grounded in different theoretical perspectives. Although our findings should be considered in the light of several limitations (e.g., non-random nature of our sampling strategy; cross-sectional data), our results may be useful in improving our knowledge of narcissistic features among community and clinical participants.References
Al-Dajani, N., Gralnick, T. M., & Bagby, R. M. (2016). A Psychometric Review of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): Current Status and Future Directions. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(1), 62–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1107572
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Bender, D. S., Skodol, A. E., First, M. B., & Oldham, J. M. (2018). Module I: Structured Clinical Interview for the Level of Personality Functioning Scale. In M. B. First, A. E. Skodol, D. S. Bender, & J. M. Oldham, Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (SCID-5- AMPD). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Berkson, J. (1946). Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics, 2(3), 47–53.
Borroni, S., Ruotolo, G., Geminiani, C., Masci, E., & Fossati, A. (2024). DSM-5 Criterion A in a mentalization perspective: the associations between personality dysfunction and mentalization ability in a sample of Italian community dwelling-adults. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3977
Borroni, S., Ruotolo, G., Masci, E., Franzoni, C., Vassena, G., & Fossati, A. (2022). The role of Dysfunctional Personality Features and Adult Attachment Style in Predicting ICD-11 Trauma Related Disorders in a Community-dwelling Sample. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3235
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006
Caligor, E. & Clarkin, J. F. (2010). An object relations model of personality and personality pathology. In J. F. Clarkin, P. Fonagy, & G. O. Gabbard (Eds.), Psychodynamic psychotherapy for personality disorders: A clinical handbook (pp. 3–35). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Castaldo, L., Serra, G., Piga, S., Reale, A., & Vicari, S. (2020). Suicidal behaviour and non-suicidal self-injury in children and adolescents seen at an Italian paediatric emergency department. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 56(3), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_20_03_08
Christensen, A. P., & Golino, H. (2021). On the equivalency of factor and network loadings. Behavior Research Methods, 53(4), 1563–1580. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01500-6
Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in machiavellianism. New York Academic Press.
Clemence, A. J., Plakun, E. M., & Perry, J. C. (2009). Narcissistic and borderline personality disorders in a sample of treatment refractory patients. Psychiatric Annals, 39, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20090401-05
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Dalgleish, T., Black, M., Johnston, D., & Bevan, A. (2020). Transdiagnostic approaches to mental health problems: Current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(3), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000482
DeLisi, M. (2019). Antagonism and crime. In J. D. Miller & D. R. Lynam, The handbook of antagonism: Conceptualizations, assessment, consequences, and treatment of the low end of agreeableness (pp. 297–309). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814627-9.00020-7
Diedenhofen, B., & Musch, J. (2015). Cocor: A comprehensive solution for the statistical comparison of correlations. PloS One, 10(4), e0121945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121945
Doidge, N., Simon, B., Brauer, L., Grant, D. C., First, M., Brunshaw, J., Lancee, W. J., Stevens, A., Oldham, J. M., & Mosher, P. (2002). Psychoanalytic Patients in the U.S., Canada, and Australia: I. DSM-III-R Disorders, Indications, Previous Treatment, Medications, and Length of Treatment. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 50(2), 575-614. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651020500021201
Dowling, F. G., Pato, M. T., & Pato, C. N. (1995). Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive and psychotic symptoms: a review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 3(2), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229509017170
Drislane, L. E., Patrick, C. J., & Arsal, G. (2014). Clarifying the content coverage of differing psychopathy inventories through reference to the triarchic psychopathy measure. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 350–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035152
Elliott, D. S., & Ageton, S. S. (1980). Reconciling race and class differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 45(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095245
Elliott, D. S., & Huizinga, D. (1984). The relationship between delinquent behavior and ADM problems. Paper presented at the ADAMHA/OJJDP State-of-the-Art Research Conference on Juvenile Offenders with Serious Drug, Alcohol, and Mental Health Problems, Rockville, MD.
Ellis, H. (1898). Autoeroticism: A psychological study. Alienist and Neurologist, 19, 260-299.
Ellison, W. D., Levy, K. N., Cain, N. M., Ansell, E. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2013). The impact of pathological narcissism on psychotherapy utilization, initial symptom severity, and early-treatment symptom change: a naturalistic investigation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(3), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.742904
Faucher, J., Savard, C., Vachon, D. D., Payant, M., & Gamache, D. (2022). A scoring procedure for malignant narcissism based on Personality Inventory for DSM-5 facets. Journal of Personality Assessment, 104(6), 723–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2021.2019052
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
Faure, K., & Forbes, M. K. (2021). Clarifying the placement of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the empirical structure of psychopathology. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 43(3), 671–685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-021-09868-1
First, M. B., Williams, J. B., Benjamin, L. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2016). SCID-5-PD: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Fossati, A., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Borroni, S., & Maffei, C. (2013). Reliability and validity of the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): predicting DSM-IV personality disorders and psychopathy in community-dwelling Italian adults. Assessment, 20(6), 689–708. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113504984
Fossati, A., Maffei, C., Acquarini, E., & Di Ceglie, A. (2003). Multigroup Confirmatory Component and Factor Analyses of the Italian Version of the Aggression Questionnaire1. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19(1), 54-65. https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.19.1.54
Fossati, A., Somma, A., Borroni, S., & Miller, J. D. (2018). Assessing Dimensions of Pathological Narcissism: Psychometric Properties of the Short Form of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory in a Sample of Italian University Students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(3), 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1324457
Freud, S. (1914/1957). On narcissism: an introduction. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. J Strachey, 7, 66–102. London: Hogarth.
Friedman, J., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2008). Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso. Biostatistics, 9(3), 432–441. https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxm045
Gandino, G., Venera, E. M., & Bernaudo, A. (2018). Narcissism and systemic approach. A systematic review. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2018.6.1968
Golino, H. F., & Epskamp, S. (2017). Exploratory graph analysis: A new approach for estimating the number of dimensions in psychological research. PLoS ONE, 12(6), e0174035. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174035
Golino, H., & Christensen, A. P. (2022). EGAnet: Exploratory Graph Analysis – A framework for estimating the number of dimensions in multivariate data using network psychometrics.
Golino, H., Moulder, R., Shi, D., Christensen, A. P., Garrido, L. E., Nieto, M. D., Nesselroade, J., Sadana, R., Thiyagarajan, J. A., & Boker, S. M. (2021). Entropy fit indices: New fit measures for assessing the structure and dimensionality of multiple latent variables. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 56(6), 874–902. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2020.1779642
Golino, H., Shi, D., Christensen, A. P., Garrido, L. E., Nieto, M. D., Sadana, R., Thiyagarajan, J. A., & Martinez-Molina, A. (2020). Investigating the performance of exploratory graph analysis and traditional techniques to identify the number of latent factors: A simulation and tutorial. Psychological Methods, 25(3), 292–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000255
Gratz, K. L., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Chapman, A. L., & Tull, M. T. (2015). Diagnosis and Characterization of DSM-5 Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder Using the Clinician-Administered Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder Index. Assessment, 22(5), 527–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191114565878
Hopwood, C. J., Schade, N., Krueger, R. F., Wright, A. G. C., & Markon, K. E. (2013). Connecting DSM-5 personality traits and pathological beliefs: Toward a unifying model. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35(2), 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9332-3
Horowitz, M. (2009). Clinical phenomenology of narcissistic pathology. Psychiatric Annals, 39, 124–28.
Kernberg, O. F. (1967). Borderline personality organization. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 15(3), 641–685. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306516701500309
Kernberg, O. F. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York, NY: Aronson.
Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies. Yale University, New Haven.
Kernberg, O. F. (1989). An ego psychology object relations theory of the structure and treatment of pathologic narcissism: An overview. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(3), 723–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30424-6
Kernberg, O. F. (1998). Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical background and diagnostic classification. In E. Ronningstam (Ed.), Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications (pp. 29−51). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Kernberg, O. F. (2007). The almost untreatable narcissistic patient. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55(2), 503–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651070550020701
Kernberg, O. F., & Caligor, E. (2005). A Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Disorders. In M. F. Lenzenweger & J. F. Clarkin (Eds.), Major theories of personality disorder (2nd ed., pp. 114–156). The Guilford Press.
Kernberg, O. F. (2009). Narcissistic personality disorders: part 1. Psychiatric Annals, 39, 105–67.
Kohut, H. (1968). The psychoanalytic treatment of narcissisticppersonality disorders. Outline of a systematic approach. The Psychoanalytic study of the child, 23, 86–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1968.11822951
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., Eaton, N. R., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Goldberg, D., Hasin, D., Hyman, S. E., Ivanova, M. Y., Lynam, D. R., Markon, K., … Zimmerman, M. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454-477. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000258
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879–1890. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002674
Krueger, R. F., Schmutte, P. S., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Campbell, K., & Silva, P. A. (1994). Personality traits are linked to crime among men and women: evidence from a birth cohort. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(2), 328–338. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.103.2.328
Lauritzen, S. L. (1996). Graphical models (Vol. 17). Clarendon Press.
Lenzenweger, M. F., Clarkin, J. F., Caligor, E., Cain, N. M., & Kernberg, O. F. (2018). Malignant narcissism in relation to clinical change in borderline personality disorder: An exploratory study. Psychopathology, 51(5), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492228
Markon, K. E., Fossati, A., Somma, A., & Krueger, R. F. (2024). Understanding the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
Massara, G. P., Di Matteo, T., & Aste, T. (2016). Network filtering for big data: Triangulated maximally filtered graph. Journal of Complex Networks, 5, 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnw015
Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2019). The handbook of antagonism: Conceptualizations, assessment, consequences, and treatment of the low end of agreeableness. Elsevier Academic Press.
Miller, J. D., Back, M. D., Lynam, D. R., & Wright, A. G. C. (2021). Narcissism today: What we know and what we need to learn. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(6), 519-525. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211044109
Miller, J. D., Campbell, W. K., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2007). Narcissistic personality disorder: Relations with distress and functional impairment. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.10.003
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Hyatt, C. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Controversies in Narcissism. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 291–315. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244
Morey, L. C., & Ochoa, E. S. (1989). An investigation of adherence to diagnostic criteria: Clinical diagnosis of the DSM–III personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 3, 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1989.3.3.180
Mosier, C. I. (1943). On the reliability of a weighted composite. Psychometrika, 8, 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02288700
Naumova, K., & Naumov, F. (2022). Level of personality functioning and its relationship with core schemas in anxiety and mood disorders. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3395
Ornstein, P. H. (2009). “Chronic rage from underground”: The treatment of a patient with a severe narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 39, 137–43.
Patrick, C. J. (2010). Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM). APA PsycTests. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/t42471-000" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1037/t42471-000
Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 913–938. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409000492
Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1197–1208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1197
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
Pincus, A. L., & Lukowitsky, M. R. (2010). Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 421–446. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131215
Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21(3), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016530
Pincus, A. L., Cain, N. M., & Wright, A. G. (2014). Narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability in psychotherapy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(4), 439–443. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000031
Pons, P., & Latapy, M. (2006). Computing communities in large networks using random walks. Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications, 10(2), 191-218.
Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., Currier, G. W., Melvin, G. A., Greenhill, L., Shen, S., & Mann, J. J. (2011). The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(12), 1266–1277. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704
R Core Team (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
Rhodewalt, F., Madrian, J. C., & Cheney, S. (1998). Narcissism, self-knowledge organization, and emotional reactivity: The effect of daily experiences on self-esteem and affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298241006
Ronningstam, E. (2005). Identifying and understanding the narcissistic personality. Oxford University Press.
Ronningstam, E. F., & Maltsberger, J. T. (1998). Pathological narcissism and sudden suicide‐related collapse. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 28(3), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.1998.tb00856.x
Ronningstam, E., & Gunderson, J. G. (1990). Identifying criteria for narcissistic personality disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 918–922. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.7.918
Ronningstam, E., Weinberg, I., & Maltsberger, J. T. (2021). Psychoanalytic theories of suicide: Historical overview, empirical evidence, and clinical applications. In D. Wasserman (Ed.), Oxford textbook of suicidology and suicide prevention (2nd ed., pp. 147–157). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0020
Russ, E., Shedler, J., Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2008). Refining the construct of narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic criteria and subtypes. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(11), 1473–1481. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07030376
Scull, A. (2021). American psychiatry in the new millennium: a critical appraisal. Psychological Medicine, 51(16), 2762–2770. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721001975
Selby, E. A., Bender, T. W., Gordon, K. H., Nock, M. K., & Joiner, T. E., Jr (2012). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) disorder: A preliminary study. Personality Disorders, 3(2), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024405
Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2007). The Shedler-Westen assessment procedure (SWAP): Making personality diagnosis clinically meaningful. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701357092
Sherman, E. D., Miller, J. D., Few, L. R., Campbell, W. K., Widiger, T. A., Crego, C., & Lynam, D. R. (2015). Development of a Short Form of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory: The FFNI-SF. Psychological assessment, 27(3), 1110–1116. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000100
Sica, C., Drislane, L., Caudek, C., Angrilli, A., Bottesi, G., Cerea, S., & Ghisi, M. (2015). A test of the construct validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure in an Italian community sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 163-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.015
Somma, A., Andershed, H., Borroni, S., Salekin, R. T., & Fossati, A. (2018). Psychopathic personality traits in relation to self-report delinquency in adolescence: Should we mind about interaction effects? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-018-9658-6
Somma, A., Borroni, S., Gialdi, G., Carlotta, D., Emanuela Giarolli, L., Barranca, M., Cerioli, C., Franzoni, C., Masci, E., Manini, R., Luca Busso, S., Ruotolo, G., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., & Fossati, A. (2020a). The inter-rater reliability and validity of the Italian Translation of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders Module I and Module II: A preliminary report on consecutively admitted psychotherapy outpatients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 34(Suppl C), 95–123. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2020_34_511
Somma, A., Borroni, S., Maffei, C., Besson, E., Garbini, A., Granozio, S., … Turano, E. (2017). Inter-rater reliability of the Italian transla- tion of the structured clinical interview for DSM-5 personality disorders (SCID-5-PD): A study on consecutively admitted clinical adult participants. Journal of Psychopathology, 23, 105–111.
Somma, A., Borroni, S., Sellbom, M., Markon, K. E., Krueger, R. F., & Fossati, A. (2020b). Assessing dark triad dimensions from the perspective of moral disengagement and DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorder traits. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(2), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000388
Somma, A., Gialdi, G., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., & Fossati, A. (2024). Predicting nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal risk: A comparison between the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition Section II personality disorder and alternative model of personality disorders dimensions. Personality Disorders. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000658
Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87(2), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245
Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Golstein, R. B., Chou, P., Huang, B., Smith, S. M., Ruan, W. J., Pulay, A. J., Saha, T. D., Pickering, R. P., & Grant, B. F. (2008). Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Results From the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(7), 1033-1045. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0701
Vize, C. E., Collison, K. L., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2020). The “core” of the dark triad: A test of competing hypotheses. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(2), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000386
Waugh, M. H., Hopwood, C. J., Krueger, R. F., Morey, L. C., Pincus, A. L., & Wright, A. G. C. (2017). Psychological Assessment with the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders: Tradition and Innovation. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 48(2), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000071
Westen, D. (1997). Divergences between clinical and research methods for assessing personality disorders: Implications for research and the evolution of axis II. The American Journal of Psychiatry,154, 895–903. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.7.895
Westen, D., & Arkowitz-Westen, L. (1998). Limitations of axis II in diagnosing personality pathology in clinical practice. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1767–1771. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.12.1767
Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.590
Zachar, P., Krueger, R. F., & Kendler, K. S. (2016). Personality disorder in DSM-5: an oral history. Psychological Medicine, 46(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001543
Zimmerman M. (1994). Diagnosing personality disorders. A review of issues and research methods. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(3), 225–245. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030061006
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Articles and conference papers published in Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology are distributed under the terms and conditions of a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Correspondingly, authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
