Autism and Menstrual Health: A Scoping Review of Challenges and Interventions

Abstract

Autism spectrum conditions have historically been studied primarily in males, due to social biases and the tendency of females to mask core traits, leaving women’s specific experiences underexplored. While autism is now recognized as a neurodivergent condition diagnosable across the lifespan, research on women remains limited, constraining understanding of how menstruation may exacerbate sensory, emotional, and behavioral challenges or affect autonomy and quality of life. This scoping review, conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and PRISMA- ScR guidelines, includes 12 studies (2014–2025) examining menstrual cycle-related difficulties and interventions in autistic individuals. Findings indicate symptom intensification during menstruation (e.g., heightened anxiety, sensory overload, repetitive behaviors), barriers in relationships and healthcare access, and emerging interventions supporting autonomy, such as menstrual hygiene skills training and video modeling. Autistic women also report social isolation and challenges in accessing tailored healthcare, highlighting the importance of person-centered, inclusive approaches. Overall, this review underscores significant gaps in research and clinical practice and calls for further studies that center autistic voices while addressing menstrual health with sensitivity to diverse gender identities and communication needs.