Psychological Impact during Covid-19. A Study on Socio-Demographic Risk Factors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13129/2612-4033/0110-3211Abstract
Background: The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has generated a significant impact on the physical and mental health of the population. The effects of the disease and the measures taken by countries around the world have resulted in a notable change in people's, lifestyle and an increase in psychological problems.
Method: This study aimed to assess the psychological impact caused by the pandemic in a sample of 210 adults. An online questionnaire that included socio-demographic variables and concerns about physical and mental health, and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), was used.
Results: The results showed moderate-high levels of stress in the sample, especially significant in the group of women; 90% of the participants felt that the pandemic had negatively affected their mental health. The psychological impact was greater in women, younger people and those with a higher level of education.
Conclusions: It is concluded that the pandemic is generating significant levels of stress in the population and a significant psychological impact that affects people's quality of life. The importance of assessing psychological well-being and detecting those profiles of higher risk is pointed out, in order to establish prevention and treatment strategies at present, and for traumatic situations in the future.
References
Adamson, M. M., Phillips, A., Seenivasan, S., Martinez, J., Grewal, H., Kang, X., ... & Spiegel, D. (2020). International prevalence and correlates of psychological stress during the global CoViD-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249248
Allan, S. M., Bealey, R., Birch, J., Cushing, T., Parke, S., Sergi, G., ... & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2020). The prevalence of common and stress-related mental health disorders in healthcare workers based in pandemic-affected hospitals: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1810903. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F20008198.2020.1810903
Alzueta, E., Perrin, P., Baker, F. C., Caffarra, S., Ramos‐Usuga, D., Yuksel, D., & Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C. (2021). How the COVID‐19 pandemic has changed our lives: A study of psychological correlates across 59 countries. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 556-570.
Amekran, Y., & El Hangouche, A. J. (2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the need to maintain regular physical activity. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 61 (1), 159-160 https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.11524-X
Aslan, H., & Pekince, H. (2020). Nursing students' views on the COVID‐19 pandemic and their percieved stress levels. Perspectives in psychiatric care. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12597
Bruine de Bruin, W. (2021). Age differences in COVID-19 risk perceptions and mental health: Evidence from a national US survey conducted in March 2020. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e24-e29. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa074
Campo-Arias, A., Pedrozo-Cortés, M. J., & Pedrozo-Pupo, J. C. (2020). Pandemic-Related Perceived Stress Scale of COVID-19: An exploration of online psychometric performance Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 49(4), 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2020.05.005
Campo-Arias, A., Pedrozo-Pupo, J. C., & Herazo, E. (2021). Review of the COVID-19 Pandemic-related Perceived Stress Scale (PSS–10–C). Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 50(3), 156-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2021.02.002
Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G. P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B. E., & Li, F. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(2), 103-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001
Chyi, H., Mao, S. (2012). The determinants of happiness of China’s elderly population. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(1), 167-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9256-8
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. y Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of per-ceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., Dhingra, K., & Grogan, S. (2019). Evaluating the Perceived Stress Scale among UK university students: implications for stress measurement and management. Studies in Higher Education, 44(1), 120-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1340445
García-Álvarez, L., de la Fuente-Tomás, L., García-Portilla, M. P., Sáiz, P. A., Lacasa, C. M., Dal Santo, F., ... & Bobes, J. (2020). Early psychological impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and lockdown in a large Spanish sample. Journal of Global Health, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020505
García-Portilla, P., de la Fuente Tomás, L., Bobes-Bascarán, T., Jiménez Treviño, L., Zurrón Madera, P., Suárez Álvarez, M., ... & Bobes, J. (2021). Are older adults also at higher psychological risk from COVID-19?. Aging & Mental Health, 25 (7), 1297-1304. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1805723
Hernandez-Garcia, F., Gongora-Gomez, O., Gonzalez-Velazquez, V. E., Pedraza-Rodriguez, E. M., Zamora-Fung, R., & Herrera, L. A. L. (2021). Stress perceived by students of the medical sciences in Cuba toward the COVID-19 pandemic: results of an online survey.Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria, 30, S0034-7450(21)00068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2021.02.011
Hou, W. K., Lee, T. M. C., Liang, L., Li, T. W., Liu, H., Tong, H., ... & Goodwin, R. (2021). Psychiatric symptoms and behavioral adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from two population-representative cohorts. Translational psychiatry, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01279-w
Jahrami, H., BaHammam, A. S., AlGahtani, H., Ebrahim, A., Faris, M., AlEid, K., ... & Hasan, Z. (2020). The examination of sleep quality for frontline healthcare workers during the outbreak of COVID-19. Sleep Breath, 25, 503-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-020-02135-9
Jiang, J. M., Seng, E. K., Zimmerman, M. E., Sliwinski, M., Kim, M., & Lipton, R. B. (2017). Evaluation of the reliability, validity, and predictive validity of the subscales of the perceived stress scale in older adults. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 59(3), 987-996. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-170289
Kassim, M. A. M., Pang, N. T. P., Mohamed, N. H., Kamu, A., Ho, C. M., Ayu, F., ... & Jeffree, M. S. (2021). Relationship between fear of COVID-19, psychopathology and sociodemographic variables in Malaysian population. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-8. DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00444-4
Kecojevic, A., Basch, C. H., Sullivan, M., & Davi, N. K. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health of undergraduate students in New Jersey, cross-sectional study. PloS one, 15(9), e0239696 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239696
Khafagy, G., El Sayed, I., Abbas, S., & Soliman, S. (2020). Perceived Stress Scale Among Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. International Journal of Women's Health, 12, 1253-1258. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s279245
Knepple Carney, A., Graf, A. S., Hudson, G., & Wilson, E. (2021). Age moderates perceived COVID-19 disruption on well-being. The Gerontologist, 61(1), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa106
Lazarus, R.S. y Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Nueva York: Springer.
Li, X., Fu, P., Fan, C., Zhu, M., & Li, M. (2021). COVID-19 Stress and Mental Health of Students in Locked-Down Colleges. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020771
Limcaoco, R. S. G., Mateos, E. M., Fernandez, J. M., & Roncero, C. (2020). Anxiety, worry and perceived stress in the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic, March 2020. Preliminary results. MedRxiv, http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.20043992
Lorem, G., Cook, S., Leon, D. A., Emaus, N., & Schirmer, H. (2020). Self-reported health as a predictor of mortality: A cohort study of its relation to other health measurements and observation time. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61603-0
Maroufizadeh, S., Foroudifard, F., Navid, B., Ezabadi, Z., Sobati, B., & Omani-Samani, R. (2018). The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) in women experiencing infertility: A reliability and validity study. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 23(4), 456-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2018.02.003" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2018.02.003
Moscoso, M. S. (1994). La psicología de la salud: Un enfoque multidisciplinario acerca del estrés y cambio conductal. Revista de Psicología, 12(1), 47-72. https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.199401.003
Oducado, R. M., Rabacal, J., Moralista, R., & Tamdang, K. (2021). Perceived Stress Due to COVID-19 Pandemic Among Employed Professional Teachers. International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation,(15), 305-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.5284
Pearman, A., Hughes, M. L., Smith, E. L., & Neupert, S. D. (2021). Age differences in risk and resilience factors in COVID-19-related stress. The Journal of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e38-e44. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa120
Peters, A., Rospleszcz, S., Greiser, K. H., Dallavalle, M., & Berger, K. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-reported health—early evidence from the German National Cohort. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 117, 861-867. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2020.0861
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
Rehman, U., Shahnawaz, M. G., Khan, N. H., Kharshiing, K. D., Khursheed, M., Gupta, K., ... & Uniyal, R. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress among Indians in times of Covid-19 lockdown. Community Mental Health Journal, 57(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x
Sareen J, Erickson J, Medved MI, et al. (2013). Risk factors for post-injury mental health problems. Depression & Anxiety, 30, 321-327. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22077
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet research, 22(9), e21279. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279
Soraci, P., Lagattolla, F., Parente, G., Guaitoli, E., Chiodi, D., Cimaglia, R., ... & Ascanio, C. (2021). Interplay between COVID-19 outbreak and Psychological Maladjustment: a brief overview. Journal of Clinical & Developmental Psychology, 3(2),1-9. https://doi.org/10.6092/2612-4033/0110-2992
Varma, P., Junge, M., Meaklim, H., & Jackson, M. L. (2021). Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 109, 110236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236
Vera-Villarroel, P., Celis-Atenas, K., Pavez, P., Lillo, S., Bello, F., Díaz, N., López, W. (2012). Money, age and happiness: association of subjective wellbeing with socio-demographic variables. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 44(2), 155-163.
WHO. World Health Organization. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/MentalHealth/2020.1).Retrieved from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331490
WHO. World Health Organization (2021). Mental health investiment case: a guidance note. Geneva: World Health Organization and the United Nations Development Programme. https://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo
Yan, L., Gan, Y., Ding, X., Wu, J., & Duan, H. (2021). The relationship between perceived stress and emotional distress during the COVID-19 outbreak: Effects of boredom proneness and coping style. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 77, 102328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102328
Yu, X., & Yang, R. (2020). COVID‐19 transmission through asymptomatic carriers is a challenge to containment. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 14(4), 474–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12743
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Articles and conference papers published in Journal of Clinical and Development Psychology are distributed under the terms and conditions of a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Correspondingly, authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
