The evolution of fear: cultural change in cinema horror types
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13129/2281-8138/2026.0.153-178Keywords:
Fear, Cinema, Horror movies, Cultural change, Sociology of emotionsAbstract
This study explores the cultural evolution of fear as depicted in horror movies within the framework of the sociology of emotions. By analyzing horror movies as collective narratives of fear, the research aims to trace changes in societal anxieties over time. Using keywords associated with horror films from the IMDb, the study identifies shifts in the portrayal of fears and monsters in cinema, reflecting broader social dynamics and cultural transformations. The study employs multivariate analysis techniques to identify distinctive keywords and interpret the implicit meanings embedded within them. Grounded in a multidimensional approach, it acknowledges the complex interplay between individual psychological processes, social environments, and larger cultural trends in shaping emotions and societal responses to fear. The findings reveal four distinct periods in horror cinema, each linked to different cultural milieus and shaped by the societal anxieties of their respective eras.References
Barbelet J., and Barbelet J. (2002). Introduction: Why Emotions. Emotions and Sociology, Oxford: Blackwell.
Beck U. (1992). Risk society: towards a new modernity. London: Sage.
Behuniak S. M. (2011). “The living dead? The construction of people with Alzheimer's disease as zombies”. Ageing & Society, 31(1): 70-92.
Bericat E. (2016). “The sociology of emotions: Four decades of progress”. Current sociology, 64(3): 491-513.
Bystritsky A., & Kronemyer D. (2014). “Stress and anxiety: counterpart elements of the stress/anxiety complex”. Psychiatric Clinics, 37(4), 489-518.
Cacioppo J. T., Berntson G. G., Sheridan, J. F., and McClintock, M. K. (2000). “Multilevel integrative analyses of human behavior: social neuroscience and the complementing nature of social and biological approaches”. Psychological bulletin, 126(6), 829.
Caliandro A., & Gandini A. (2017). “Qualitative research in digital environments: A research toolkit”. Routledge.
Callon M., Courtial J. P., Laville F. (1991). “Co-word analysis as a tool for describing the network of interactions between basic and technological research: The case of polymer chemsitry.” Scientometrics, 22: 155-205.
Codeluppi V. (2013), “Per una critica dell'immaginario pop: da Benjamin a Baudrillard e ritorno”, in IM@GO. A Journal of the Social Imaginary, ISSN 2281-8138. 1:(2013), pp. 87-98.
Cohen J.J. (1996). Monster theory: Reading culture. University of Minnesota Press.
Collins R. (1984). “The role of emotion in social structure”. In K. Scherer and P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion. New York: Erlbaum.
Davis C. (2007) “État Présent: Hauntology, Spectres and Phantoms”, in French Studies, a. LIX, n. 3, pp. 373-379 (p. 377). Cfr. anche C. Davis, Haunted Subjects. Deconstruction, Psychoanalysis and the Return of the Dead, Palgrave, Basingstoke.
Douglas M., (1992). Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory, London and New York: Routledge.
Furedi F., 2007. “The only thing we have to fear is the 'culture of fear' itself”. American journal of sociology, 32(2), pp.231-234.
Furedi F., 2018. How fear works: Culture of fear in the twenty-first century. Bloomsbury Publishing.
George S. Hughes B. (2013). “Introduction: undead reflections: the sympathetic vampire and its monstrous other”. Gothic Studies, 15(1): 1-7.
Giddens A., (1990). “The Consequences of Modernity”, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Glassner B. (2004). “Narrative techniques of fear mongering.” Social Research: An International Quarterly, 71(4), 819-826.
Goffman E. (1983), “The Interaction Order”, in American Sociological Review, a. XLVIII, pp. 1-17.
Gordon S. L. (1990). “Social structural effects on emotions”. In T. D. Kemper (Ed.), Research agendas in the sociology of emotions. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990, pp. 145-179.
Haggerty K.D. (2009). “Modern serial killers”. Crime, Media, Culture, 52: 168-187.
Hill A., Mortensen M., Hermes J. (2021). “Fear: Introduction to special issue”. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 24(4), 793-800.
Hochschild A.R. (1979). “Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure”. American journal of sociology 85, no. 3 (1979): 551-575.
Hout M. C., Papesh M. H., Goldinger S. D. (2013). “Multidimensional scaling”. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 4(1), 93-103.
Hubbard P. (2003). “Fear and loathing at the multiplex: everyday anxiety in the post-industrial city”. Capital & Class, 27(2): 51-75.
Hubner L., Leaning M. Manning P. (2014). The zombie renaissance in popular culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Illouz E. (2009). “Emotions, imagination and consumption: A new research agenda”. Journal of consumer culture, 9(3), 377-413.
Jeffries F. (2013). “Mediating fear”. Global Media and Communication, 9(1), 37-52.
Kemper T.D.A. (1978). Social interactional theory of emotions. John Wiley & Sons, 1978.
May R. (1950). The Meaning of Anxiety. New York: The Ronald Press Company.
Millar B., & Lee, J. (2021). “Horror Films and Grief”. Emotion Review, 13(3), 171-182.
Moreman Ch. M., Rushton C. J. (a cura di), Zombies Are Us. Essays on the Humanity of the Walking Dead, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
Muntean N. Payne M.T. (2009). “Attack of the livid dead: Re-calibrating terror in the post-September 11 zombie film”. In A. Schopp and M. B. Hill. (eds) War on Terror and American Popular Culture: September 11 and Beyond. Teaneck: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Newitz A. (1998). When we pretend that we're dead: monsters, psychopaths and the economy in American popular culture. Berkeley: University of California.
Ohman A. (2008). “Fear and anxiety: Overlaps and dissociations”, M. Lewis, J.M. Haviland-Jones, L.F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.), New York: Guilford Press.
Poole W. S. (2011). Monsters in America: Our historical obsession with the hideous and the haunting. Baylor University Press.
Riezler K. (1944). “The social psychology of fear”. American Journal of Sociology, 49, no. 6 (1944): 489-498.
Rodrigues S.M., LeDoux J.E. Sapolsky R.M. (2009). “The influence of stress hormones on fear circuitry”. Annual review of neuroscience, 32: 289-313.
Salganik M. J. (2019). Bit by bit: Social research in the digital age. Princeton University Press.
Seltzer M. (1998). Serial killers: Death and life in America's wound culture. London: Routledge.
Treisman D. (2011). “The geography of fear. No. w16838”. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.
Tudor A. (2003). “A (macro) sociology of fear?.” The Sociological Review, 51 (2): 238-256.
Turner J. H. (2009). “The sociology of emotions: Basic theoretical arguments”. Emotion Review, 1(4): 340-354.
Turner J.H. (2000). On the origins of human emotions: A sociological inquiry into the evolution of human affect. Stanford University Press.
Venturini T., Jacomy M., Jensen P. (2021). “What do we see when we look at networks: Visual network analysis, relational ambiguity, and force-directed layouts”. Big Data & Society, 8(1), 20539517211018488.
Von Scheve C., and Von Luede R. (2005). “Emotion and social structures: Towards an interdisciplinary approach”. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 35(3): 303-328.
Weinstock (a cura di), J. A. (2004) Spectral America. Phantoms and the National Imagination, Madison-Londra, University of Wisconsin Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).